The total gross domestic expenditure on research & development in Turkey added up to billion Turkish lira in 2023. The funds from financial and non-financial corporations accounted for the highest value of R&D expenditure that year, amounting to roughly billion Turkish lira.
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TurkStat. (November 6, 2024). Gross domestic expenditure on research and development in Turkey from 2020 to 2023, by source of funds (in billion Turkish lira) [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 20, 2026, from /statistics/1537086/turkey-expenditure-on-randd-by-fund-source/
TurkStat. "Gross domestic expenditure on research and development in Turkey from 2020 to 2023, by source of funds (in billion Turkish lira)." Chart. November 6, 2024. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 20, 2026. /statistics/1537086/turkey-expenditure-on-randd-by-fund-source/
TurkStat. (2024). Gross domestic expenditure on research and development in Turkey from 2020 to 2023, by source of funds (in billion Turkish lira). ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 20, 2026. /statistics/1537086/turkey-expenditure-on-randd-by-fund-source/
TurkStat. "Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development in Turkey from 2020 to 2023, by Source of Funds (in Billion Turkish Lira)." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 6 Nov 2024, /statistics/1537086/turkey-expenditure-on-randd-by-fund-source/
TurkStat, Gross domestic expenditure on research and development in Turkey from 2020 to 2023, by source of funds (in billion Turkish lira) ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1537086/turkey-expenditure-on-randd-by-fund-source/ (last visited July 20, 2026)
Gross domestic expenditure on research and development in Turkey from 2020 to 2023, by source of funds (in billion Turkish lira) [Graph], TurkStat, November 6, 2024. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1537086/turkey-expenditure-on-randd-by-fund-source/
