The source explains that: "Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) is total intramural expenditure on R&D performed in the national territory during a specific reference period."
Currency conversion date: 24/06/2021.
Citation formats
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D in Egypt in 2018, by sector
In 2018, the total gross domestic spending on research and development (GERD) amounted to around **** billion Egyptian pounds. Institutions of higher education spent the most on research and development (R&D), reaching roughly **** billion Egyptian pounds (*** billion U.S. dollars), which was a share of over ** percent. Moreover, the government followed with an expenditure of **** billion Egyptian pounds (* million U.S. dollars) on R&D.
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UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (March 1, 2021). Gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) in Egypt as of 2018, by sector (in million Egyptian pounds) [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 27, 2026, from /statistics/1245683/gross-domestic-expenditure-on-randd-by-sector-in-egypt/
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. "Gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) in Egypt as of 2018, by sector (in million Egyptian pounds)." Chart. March 1, 2021. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 27, 2026. /statistics/1245683/gross-domestic-expenditure-on-randd-by-sector-in-egypt/
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2021). Gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) in Egypt as of 2018, by sector (in million Egyptian pounds). ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 27, 2026. /statistics/1245683/gross-domestic-expenditure-on-randd-by-sector-in-egypt/
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. "Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development (Gerd) in Egypt as of 2018, by Sector (in Million Egyptian Pounds)." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 1 Mar 2021, /statistics/1245683/gross-domestic-expenditure-on-randd-by-sector-in-egypt/
UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) in Egypt as of 2018, by sector (in million Egyptian pounds) ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1245683/gross-domestic-expenditure-on-randd-by-sector-in-egypt/ (last visited July 27, 2026)
Gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) in Egypt as of 2018, by sector (in million Egyptian pounds) [Graph], UNESCO Institute for Statistics, March 1, 2021. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1245683/gross-domestic-expenditure-on-randd-by-sector-in-egypt/
