The gross domestic expenditure on research & development in Turkey increased both for current cost and capital cost from 2021 to 2023. The sub-total current cost on R&D in the country amounted to over *** billion Turkish lira in 2023.
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TurkStat. (November 6, 2024). Gross domestic expenditure on research and development in Turkey from 2021 to 2023, by type of cost (in billion Turkish lira) [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 27, 2026, from /statistics/1425248/turkey-expenditure-on-randd-by-type-of-cost/
TurkStat. "Gross domestic expenditure on research and development in Turkey from 2021 to 2023, by type of cost (in billion Turkish lira)." Chart. November 6, 2024. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 27, 2026. /statistics/1425248/turkey-expenditure-on-randd-by-type-of-cost/
TurkStat. (2024). Gross domestic expenditure on research and development in Turkey from 2021 to 2023, by type of cost (in billion Turkish lira). ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 27, 2026. /statistics/1425248/turkey-expenditure-on-randd-by-type-of-cost/
TurkStat. "Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development in Turkey from 2021 to 2023, by Type of Cost (in Billion Turkish Lira)." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 6 Nov 2024, /statistics/1425248/turkey-expenditure-on-randd-by-type-of-cost/
TurkStat, Gross domestic expenditure on research and development in Turkey from 2021 to 2023, by type of cost (in billion Turkish lira) ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1425248/turkey-expenditure-on-randd-by-type-of-cost/ (last visited July 27, 2026)
Gross domestic expenditure on research and development in Turkey from 2021 to 2023, by type of cost (in billion Turkish lira) [Graph], TurkStat, November 6, 2024. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1425248/turkey-expenditure-on-randd-by-type-of-cost/
