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Gross expenditure on research and development (GERD) in Turkey from 2019 to 2023 (in billion U.S. dollars)

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Source

Release date

November 2024

Region

Turkey

Survey time period

2019 to 2023

Supplementary notes

Weighted average exchange rate for

2019: 1 USD=5.6786 TL

2020: 1 USD=7.0398 TL

2021: 1 USD=8.9812TL

2022: 1 USD=16.5727 TL

2023: 1 USD=23.4905 TL



Citation formats

Gross expenditure on R&D in Turkey 2019-2023

Published by Zeynep Dierks, Nov 20, 2024

Turkey's gross expenditure on research and development (GERD) reached nearly **** billion U.S. dollars in 2023, which indicated over **** billion U.S. dollars increase over the previous year.

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