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Gross expenditure on research and development (GERD) in Turkey from 2019 to 2023 (in billion U.S. dollars in PPP terms)

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Source

Release date

November 2024

Region

Turkey

Survey time period

2019 to 2023

Supplementary notes

Weighted average exchange rate for

2019: 1 USD=1.84 TL

2020: 1 USD=2.11 TL

2021: 1 USD=2.78 TL

2022: 1 USD=4.72 TL

2023: 1 USD=7.24 TL



Citation formats

Gross expenditure on R&D in Turkey 2019-2023

Published by Zeynep Dierks, Nov 19, 2024

Turkey's gross expenditure on research and development (GERD) reached more than ** billion U.S. dollars in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms in 2023. Over the observed years, the figures constantly increased, except for 2020.

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