The source explains that: "Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) is total intramural expenditure on R&D performed in the national territory during a specific reference period."
Currency conversion date: 24/06/2021.
Citation formats
Distribution of gross domestic expenditure on R&D in Egypt 2018, by sector
In 2018, around ** percent of the gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) was conducted by higher education institutions, which amounted to **** billion Egyptian pounds (comparable to *** billion U.S. dollars). Moreover, the government followed with a share of roughly ** percent of the GERD in the country. Private non-profit institutions spent ** million Egyptian pounds ( thousand U.S. dollars), equal to a mere share of **** percent.
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UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (March 1, 2021). Share of gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) in Egypt as of 2018, by sector [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved August 03, 2026, from /statistics/1245684/distribution-of-gross-domestic-expenditure-on-r-and-d-by-sector-in-egypt/
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. "Share of gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) in Egypt as of 2018, by sector." Chart. March 1, 2021. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed August 03, 2026. /statistics/1245684/distribution-of-gross-domestic-expenditure-on-r-and-d-by-sector-in-egypt/
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2021). Share of gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) in Egypt as of 2018, by sector. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: August 03, 2026. /statistics/1245684/distribution-of-gross-domestic-expenditure-on-r-and-d-by-sector-in-egypt/
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. "Share of Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development (Gerd) in Egypt as of 2018, by Sector." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 1 Mar 2021, /statistics/1245684/distribution-of-gross-domestic-expenditure-on-r-and-d-by-sector-in-egypt/
UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Share of gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) in Egypt as of 2018, by sector ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1245684/distribution-of-gross-domestic-expenditure-on-r-and-d-by-sector-in-egypt/ (last visited August 03, 2026)
Share of gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) in Egypt as of 2018, by sector [Graph], UNESCO Institute for Statistics, March 1, 2021. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1245684/distribution-of-gross-domestic-expenditure-on-r-and-d-by-sector-in-egypt/
