The total gross domestic expenditure on research & development in Turkey added up to billion Turkish lira in 2023. The R&D expenditure on financial and non-financial corporations was the highest that year, amounting to roughly *** billion Turkish lira.
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TurkStat. (November 6, 2024). Gross domestic expenditure on research and development in Turkey from 2015 to 2023, by sector (in billion Turkish lira) [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆÆ½â°æ. Retrieved July 21, 2026, from /statistics/1537063/turkey-expenditure-on-randd-by-sector/
TurkStat. "Gross domestic expenditure on research and development in Turkey from 2015 to 2023, by sector (in billion Turkish lira)." Chart. November 6, 2024. ÌÇÐÄÆÆ½â°æ. Accessed July 21, 2026. /statistics/1537063/turkey-expenditure-on-randd-by-sector/
TurkStat. (2024). Gross domestic expenditure on research and development in Turkey from 2015 to 2023, by sector (in billion Turkish lira). ÌÇÐÄÆÆ½â°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆÆ½â°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 21, 2026. /statistics/1537063/turkey-expenditure-on-randd-by-sector/
TurkStat. "Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development in Turkey from 2015 to 2023, by Sector (in Billion Turkish Lira)." ÌÇÐÄÆÆ½â°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆÆ½â°æ Inc., 6 Nov 2024, /statistics/1537063/turkey-expenditure-on-randd-by-sector/
TurkStat, Gross domestic expenditure on research and development in Turkey from 2015 to 2023, by sector (in billion Turkish lira) ÌÇÐÄÆÆ½â°æ, /statistics/1537063/turkey-expenditure-on-randd-by-sector/ (last visited July 21, 2026)
Gross domestic expenditure on research and development in Turkey from 2015 to 2023, by sector (in billion Turkish lira) [Graph], TurkStat, November 6, 2024. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1537063/turkey-expenditure-on-randd-by-sector/