In the fiscal year of 2025, federal obligations for research and development (R&D) amounted to 198.7 billion U.S. dollars. This is an increase from the fiscal year of 1991, when federal obligations were 64.15 billion U.S. dollars.
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NCSES. (May 31, 2026). Federal obligations for Research and Development (R&D) including research facilities (R&D plants) from FY 1991 to FY 2025 (in billion U.S. dollars) [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 25, 2026, from /statistics/188951/federal-obligations-for-research-and-development-including-plants-since-1991/
NCSES. "Federal obligations for Research and Development (R&D) including research facilities (R&D plants) from FY 1991 to FY 2025 (in billion U.S. dollars)." Chart. May 31, 2026. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 25, 2026. /statistics/188951/federal-obligations-for-research-and-development-including-plants-since-1991/
NCSES. (2026). Federal obligations for Research and Development (R&D) including research facilities (R&D plants) from FY 1991 to FY 2025 (in billion U.S. dollars). ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 25, 2026. /statistics/188951/federal-obligations-for-research-and-development-including-plants-since-1991/
NCSES. "Federal Obligations for Research and Development (R&d) including Research Facilities (R&d Plants) from Fy 1991 to Fy 2025 (in Billion U.S. Dollars)." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 31 May 2026, /statistics/188951/federal-obligations-for-research-and-development-including-plants-since-1991/
NCSES, Federal obligations for Research and Development (R&D) including research facilities (R&D plants) from FY 1991 to FY 2025 (in billion U.S. dollars) ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/188951/federal-obligations-for-research-and-development-including-plants-since-1991/ (last visited July 25, 2026)
Federal obligations for Research and Development (R&D) including research facilities (R&D plants) from FY 1991 to FY 2025 (in billion U.S. dollars) [Graph], NCSES, May 31, 2026. [Online]. Available: /statistics/188951/federal-obligations-for-research-and-development-including-plants-since-1991/
