The business sector was the largest source of research and development (R&D) activities in the United States, spending some *** billion U.S. dollars in 2024. It was followed by higher education institutions and the federal government at * billion U.S. dollars and billion U.S. dollars, respectively.
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NCSES. (February 28, 2025). Research and development (R&D) expenditure in the United States from 1990 to 2024, by source (in billion U.S. dollars) [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 20, 2026, from /statistics/1662179/research-and-development-spending-united-states-by-source/
NCSES. "Research and development (R&D) expenditure in the United States from 1990 to 2024, by source (in billion U.S. dollars)." Chart. February 28, 2025. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 20, 2026. /statistics/1662179/research-and-development-spending-united-states-by-source/
NCSES. (2025). Research and development (R&D) expenditure in the United States from 1990 to 2024, by source (in billion U.S. dollars). ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 20, 2026. /statistics/1662179/research-and-development-spending-united-states-by-source/
NCSES. "Research and Development (R&d) Expenditure in The United States from 1990 to 2024, by Source (in Billion U.S. Dollars)." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 28 Feb 2025, /statistics/1662179/research-and-development-spending-united-states-by-source/
NCSES, Research and development (R&D) expenditure in the United States from 1990 to 2024, by source (in billion U.S. dollars) ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1662179/research-and-development-spending-united-states-by-source/ (last visited July 20, 2026)
Research and development (R&D) expenditure in the United States from 1990 to 2024, by source (in billion U.S. dollars) [Graph], NCSES, February 28, 2025. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1662179/research-and-development-spending-united-states-by-source/
