The source defines internal costs on research and development as actual costs of carrying out scientific research and development in the country (including those financed from abroad, but excluding payments made abroad) expressed in monetary form.
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Internal costs on R&D in the Russian Arctic 2016-2023
In 2023, the internal costs on research and development (R&D) in the Russian Arctic were close to *** billion Russian rubles, having increased by roughly ** percent from the previous year. Over the observed period, the costs were at their lowest point in 2017 at around *** billion Russian rubles.
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Higher School of Economics. (December 25, 2024). Internal costs on research and development (R&D) in the Russian Arctic from 2016 to 2023 (in million Russian rubles) [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 26, 2026, from /statistics/1147936/cost-of-research-russian-arctic/
Higher School of Economics. "Internal costs on research and development (R&D) in the Russian Arctic from 2016 to 2023 (in million Russian rubles)." Chart. December 25, 2024. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 26, 2026. /statistics/1147936/cost-of-research-russian-arctic/
Higher School of Economics. (2024). Internal costs on research and development (R&D) in the Russian Arctic from 2016 to 2023 (in million Russian rubles). ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 26, 2026. /statistics/1147936/cost-of-research-russian-arctic/
Higher School of Economics. "Internal Costs on Research and Development (R&d) in The Russian Arctic from 2016 to 2023 (in Million Russian Rubles)." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 25 Dec 2024, /statistics/1147936/cost-of-research-russian-arctic/
Higher School of Economics, Internal costs on research and development (R&D) in the Russian Arctic from 2016 to 2023 (in million Russian rubles) ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1147936/cost-of-research-russian-arctic/ (last visited July 26, 2026)
Internal costs on research and development (R&D) in the Russian Arctic from 2016 to 2023 (in million Russian rubles) [Graph], Higher School of Economics, December 25, 2024. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1147936/cost-of-research-russian-arctic/
