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In 1800, the population of the region that makes up today's Republic of Uganda was just over two million people. Throughout the 19^th century, the population of Uganda would see only modest growth, as increased exposure to the outside world would lead to a series of epidemics afflicting the population, including a devastating outbreak of rinderpest in 1891 killing off much of the region’s cattle, and several outbreaks of smallpox. Uganda’s population would begin to grow more rapidly in the years following the First World War, in part the result of economic growth from wartime agricultural production (unlike neighboring Tanzania, Uganda was spared much of the conflict in East Africa, and as a result saw a significant expansion of cash crop production).

The population of Uganda would continue to grow throughout the remainder of the 20^th century, particularly so following the country’s independence from the British Empire in 1962. However, this growth would slow through the 1970s under Idi Amin’s Second Republic of Uganda, which saw real wage and salaries decrease by 90% in less than a decade, and mass expulsions and terror campaigns resulting in a significant number of deaths and refugees throughout the country. Following Idi Amin’s ousting from power in the 1979 Ugandan-Tanzanian War, Uganda’s population has continued to rise exponentially, and in 2020, Uganda is estimated to have a population of approximately 45.7 million.