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In 1840, the total fertility rate of Chile was estimated to be six children per woman, meaning that women born in Chile in that year could expect to have six children over the course of their reproductive years. Fertility would fluctuate greatly in the second half of the 19^th century, as intermittent wars, epidemics, and economic crises would see fertility shift dramatically from year to year. However, as the situation in Chile would begin to stabilize, fertility declined more steadily from the 20^th century onward, albeit after returning to just over six children per woman.

Apart from a brief jump in the 1950s, during the global baby boom that followed the Second World War, Chile's total fertility rate has fallen consistently. The rate of decline was fastest between the 1960s and 1990s, as a series of social and economic reforms would see women’s education increase, as well as major declines in child mortality from a series of welfare and healthcare programs. Fertility fell below replacement level in the early 2000s, and the rate is estimated to be below 1.7 births per woman in 2020.