Cobalt, a critical raw material typically used in cathodes of lithium-ion batteries, accounted for the highest degree of scarcity among raw minerals used for battery cell manufacturing as of 2025. In contrast, sodium was not scarce, which gave sodium-ion batteries an advantage in terms of material availability over lithium-ion batteries.
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Fraunhofer. (July 8, 2025). Degree of scarcity of raw materials used in batteries worldwide as of 2025 [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 20, 2026, from /statistics/1618452/battery-raw-materials-scarcity-globally/
Fraunhofer. "Degree of scarcity of raw materials used in batteries worldwide as of 2025." Chart. July 8, 2025. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 20, 2026. /statistics/1618452/battery-raw-materials-scarcity-globally/
Fraunhofer. (2025). Degree of scarcity of raw materials used in batteries worldwide as of 2025. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 20, 2026. /statistics/1618452/battery-raw-materials-scarcity-globally/
Fraunhofer. "Degree of Scarcity of Raw Materials Used in Batteries Worldwide as of 2025." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 8 Jul 2025, /statistics/1618452/battery-raw-materials-scarcity-globally/
Fraunhofer, Degree of scarcity of raw materials used in batteries worldwide as of 2025 ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1618452/battery-raw-materials-scarcity-globally/ (last visited July 20, 2026)
Degree of scarcity of raw materials used in batteries worldwide as of 2025 [Graph], Fraunhofer, July 8, 2025. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1618452/battery-raw-materials-scarcity-globally/
