The extraction of cobalt and nickel, critical raw materials typically used in cathodes of lithium-ion batteries, accounted for the highest degree of environmental pollution, toxicity, and waste production among raw minerals used for battery cell manufacturing as of 2025. Manganese and copper also ranked high in terms of pollution. In contrast, sodium had the lowest environmental impact, which gave sodium-ion batteries an advantage in terms over lithium-ion batteries.
Profit from the additional features of your individual account
Currently, you are using a shared account. To use individual functions (e.g., mark statistics as favourites, set
statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account.
If you are an admin, please authenticate by logging in again.
Learn more about how ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ can support your business.
Fraunhofer. (July 8, 2025). Degree of toxicity, pollution, and waste formation of raw materials used in batteries worldwide as of 2025 [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 23, 2026, from /statistics/1618453/battery-raw-materials-pollution-degree-worldwide/
Fraunhofer. "Degree of toxicity, pollution, and waste formation of raw materials used in batteries worldwide as of 2025." Chart. July 8, 2025. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 23, 2026. /statistics/1618453/battery-raw-materials-pollution-degree-worldwide/
Fraunhofer. (2025). Degree of toxicity, pollution, and waste formation of raw materials used in batteries worldwide as of 2025. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 23, 2026. /statistics/1618453/battery-raw-materials-pollution-degree-worldwide/
Fraunhofer. "Degree of Toxicity, Pollution, and Waste Formation of Raw Materials Used in Batteries Worldwide as of 2025." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 8 Jul 2025, /statistics/1618453/battery-raw-materials-pollution-degree-worldwide/
Fraunhofer, Degree of toxicity, pollution, and waste formation of raw materials used in batteries worldwide as of 2025 ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1618453/battery-raw-materials-pollution-degree-worldwide/ (last visited July 23, 2026)
Degree of toxicity, pollution, and waste formation of raw materials used in batteries worldwide as of 2025 [Graph], Fraunhofer, July 8, 2025. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1618453/battery-raw-materials-pollution-degree-worldwide/
