Eight hard-to-abate sectors contributed to ** percent of global scope * and * greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2023. The biggest contributor among these sectors was the oil and gas industry, which accounted for ** percent of GHG emissions that year. The steel and cement sectors followed, having produced and *** percent of emissions, respectively. Hard-to-abate sectors refer to those where reducing carbon emissions is difficult, mostly due to process constraints and a lack of technically-feasible alternatives.
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World Economic Forum. (December 10, 2024). Contribution of hard-to-abate sectors to greenhouse gas emissions worldwide in 2023 [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved August 01, 2026, from /statistics/1557850/ghg-emissions-shares-of-hard-to-abate-sectors/
World Economic Forum. "Contribution of hard-to-abate sectors to greenhouse gas emissions worldwide in 2023." Chart. December 10, 2024. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed August 01, 2026. /statistics/1557850/ghg-emissions-shares-of-hard-to-abate-sectors/
World Economic Forum. (2024). Contribution of hard-to-abate sectors to greenhouse gas emissions worldwide in 2023. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: August 01, 2026. /statistics/1557850/ghg-emissions-shares-of-hard-to-abate-sectors/
World Economic Forum. "Contribution of Hard-to-abate Sectors to Greenhouse Gas Emissions Worldwide in 2023." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 10 Dec 2024, /statistics/1557850/ghg-emissions-shares-of-hard-to-abate-sectors/
World Economic Forum, Contribution of hard-to-abate sectors to greenhouse gas emissions worldwide in 2023 ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1557850/ghg-emissions-shares-of-hard-to-abate-sectors/ (last visited August 01, 2026)
Contribution of hard-to-abate sectors to greenhouse gas emissions worldwide in 2023 [Graph], World Economic Forum, December 10, 2024. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1557850/ghg-emissions-shares-of-hard-to-abate-sectors/
