Heat pumps with thermal energy storage accounted for the smallest levelized cost among steam heat technologies worldwide in 2022. Electric boilers with thermal energy storage were slightly less cost-efficient and their maximum levelized cost was close to the one of gas boilers. By comparison, electric boilers with lithium-ion batteries and hydrogen boilers accounted for the highest levelized costs.
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McKinsey & Company. (November 9, 2022). Levelized cost range of steam heat technologies worldwide in 2022, by appliance (in U.S. dollars per megawatt-hour) [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 31, 2026, from /statistics/1381046/levelized-cost-of-steam-heat-worldwide-by-technology/
McKinsey & Company. "Levelized cost range of steam heat technologies worldwide in 2022, by appliance (in U.S. dollars per megawatt-hour)." Chart. November 9, 2022. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 31, 2026. /statistics/1381046/levelized-cost-of-steam-heat-worldwide-by-technology/
McKinsey & Company. (2022). Levelized cost range of steam heat technologies worldwide in 2022, by appliance (in U.S. dollars per megawatt-hour). ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 31, 2026. /statistics/1381046/levelized-cost-of-steam-heat-worldwide-by-technology/
McKinsey & Company. "Levelized Cost Range of Steam Heat Technologies Worldwide in 2022, by Appliance (in U.S. Dollars per Megawatt-hour)." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 9 Nov 2022, /statistics/1381046/levelized-cost-of-steam-heat-worldwide-by-technology/
McKinsey & Company, Levelized cost range of steam heat technologies worldwide in 2022, by appliance (in U.S. dollars per megawatt-hour) ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1381046/levelized-cost-of-steam-heat-worldwide-by-technology/ (last visited July 31, 2026)
Levelized cost range of steam heat technologies worldwide in 2022, by appliance (in U.S. dollars per megawatt-hour) [Graph], McKinsey & Company, November 9, 2022. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1381046/levelized-cost-of-steam-heat-worldwide-by-technology/
