While the R&D expenditure of high income countries has increased by almost ** percent since 1996 to reach **** trillion U.S. dollars in 2017, in middle and low income countries expenditure increased more than **** over this time, reaching *** billion. This increase is largely due to the influence of China, though. Once China is excluded, 2017 R&D spending for middle and low income countries drops to *** billion U.S. dollars.
All dollar amounts are nominalized to 2005 purchasing power parity values.
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WIPO. (July 12, 2019). Global research and development (R&D) expenditures from 1996 to 2017, by income group (in million 2005 PPP U.S. dollars) [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 20, 2026, from /statistics/1102571/global-research-development-expenditure-income-group/
WIPO. "Global research and development (R&D) expenditures from 1996 to 2017, by income group (in million 2005 PPP U.S. dollars)." Chart. July 12, 2019. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 20, 2026. /statistics/1102571/global-research-development-expenditure-income-group/
WIPO. (2019). Global research and development (R&D) expenditures from 1996 to 2017, by income group (in million 2005 PPP U.S. dollars). ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 20, 2026. /statistics/1102571/global-research-development-expenditure-income-group/
WIPO. "Global Research and Development (R&d) Expenditures from 1996 to 2017, by Income Group (in Million 2005 Ppp U.S. Dollars)." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 12 Jul 2019, /statistics/1102571/global-research-development-expenditure-income-group/
WIPO, Global research and development (R&D) expenditures from 1996 to 2017, by income group (in million 2005 PPP U.S. dollars) ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1102571/global-research-development-expenditure-income-group/ (last visited July 20, 2026)
Global research and development (R&D) expenditures from 1996 to 2017, by income group (in million 2005 PPP U.S. dollars) [Graph], WIPO, July 12, 2019. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1102571/global-research-development-expenditure-income-group/
