In 2023, the share of GDP expenditure on research and development in Slovakia was 1.03 percent. Between 1990 and 2023, the figure dropped by 0.56 percentage points, though the decline followed an uneven course rather than a steady trajectory.
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OECD. (September 30, 2025). Share of GDP expenditure on research and development in Slovakia from 1990 to 2023 [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 30, 2026, from /statistics/420996/gross-domestic-expenditure-on-research-and-development-gdp-slovakia/
OECD. "Share of GDP expenditure on research and development in Slovakia from 1990 to 2023." Chart. September 30, 2025. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 30, 2026. /statistics/420996/gross-domestic-expenditure-on-research-and-development-gdp-slovakia/
OECD. (2025). Share of GDP expenditure on research and development in Slovakia from 1990 to 2023. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 30, 2026. /statistics/420996/gross-domestic-expenditure-on-research-and-development-gdp-slovakia/
OECD. "Share of Gdp Expenditure on Research and Development in Slovakia from 1990 to 2023." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 30 Sep 2025, /statistics/420996/gross-domestic-expenditure-on-research-and-development-gdp-slovakia/
OECD, Share of GDP expenditure on research and development in Slovakia from 1990 to 2023 ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/420996/gross-domestic-expenditure-on-research-and-development-gdp-slovakia/ (last visited July 30, 2026)
Share of GDP expenditure on research and development in Slovakia from 1990 to 2023 [Graph], OECD, September 30, 2025. [Online]. Available: /statistics/420996/gross-domestic-expenditure-on-research-and-development-gdp-slovakia/
