The share of GDP expenditure on research and development in Estonia was 1.83 percent in 2023. Between 1998 and 2023, the share rose by 1.26 percentage points, though the increase followed an uneven trajectory rather than a consistent upward trend.
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OECD. (September 30, 2025). Share of GDP expenditure on research and development in Estonia from 1998 to 2023 [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 29, 2026, from /statistics/419672/gross-domestic-expenditure-on-research-and-development-gdp-estonia/
OECD. "Share of GDP expenditure on research and development in Estonia from 1998 to 2023." Chart. September 30, 2025. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 29, 2026. /statistics/419672/gross-domestic-expenditure-on-research-and-development-gdp-estonia/
OECD. (2025). Share of GDP expenditure on research and development in Estonia from 1998 to 2023. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 29, 2026. /statistics/419672/gross-domestic-expenditure-on-research-and-development-gdp-estonia/
OECD. "Share of Gdp Expenditure on Research and Development in Estonia from 1998 to 2023." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 30 Sep 2025, /statistics/419672/gross-domestic-expenditure-on-research-and-development-gdp-estonia/
OECD, Share of GDP expenditure on research and development in Estonia from 1998 to 2023 ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/419672/gross-domestic-expenditure-on-research-and-development-gdp-estonia/ (last visited July 29, 2026)
Share of GDP expenditure on research and development in Estonia from 1998 to 2023 [Graph], OECD, September 30, 2025. [Online]. Available: /statistics/419672/gross-domestic-expenditure-on-research-and-development-gdp-estonia/
