In 2023, components and materials made up most of the levelized production costs of heat pumps in the European Union. Labour cost and operating expenses were the next most important costs. Overall, the costs of air-to-water heat pumps were significantly higher than those of air-to-air heat pumps.
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IEA. (February 6, 2025). Levelized cost of production for heat pumps in the European Union in 2023, by type of cost and heat pumps (in U.S. dollars per kilowatt) [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved August 05, 2026, from /statistics/1588348/production-cost-of-heat-pumps-in-the-eu-by-type-of-cost-and-heat-pump/
IEA. "Levelized cost of production for heat pumps in the European Union in 2023, by type of cost and heat pumps (in U.S. dollars per kilowatt)." Chart. February 6, 2025. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed August 05, 2026. /statistics/1588348/production-cost-of-heat-pumps-in-the-eu-by-type-of-cost-and-heat-pump/
IEA. (2025). Levelized cost of production for heat pumps in the European Union in 2023, by type of cost and heat pumps (in U.S. dollars per kilowatt). ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: August 05, 2026. /statistics/1588348/production-cost-of-heat-pumps-in-the-eu-by-type-of-cost-and-heat-pump/
IEA. "Levelized Cost of Production for Heat Pumps in The European Union in 2023, by Type of Cost and Heat Pumps (in U.S. Dollars per Kilowatt)." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 6 Feb 2025, /statistics/1588348/production-cost-of-heat-pumps-in-the-eu-by-type-of-cost-and-heat-pump/
IEA, Levelized cost of production for heat pumps in the European Union in 2023, by type of cost and heat pumps (in U.S. dollars per kilowatt) ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1588348/production-cost-of-heat-pumps-in-the-eu-by-type-of-cost-and-heat-pump/ (last visited August 05, 2026)
Levelized cost of production for heat pumps in the European Union in 2023, by type of cost and heat pumps (in U.S. dollars per kilowatt) [Graph], IEA, February 6, 2025. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1588348/production-cost-of-heat-pumps-in-the-eu-by-type-of-cost-and-heat-pump/
