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In 2021, there were more than *** thousand deaths attributable to air pollution in Latin America and the Caribbean. Brazil was the country with the largest number of deaths, at approximately ** thousand. Mexico followed, with slightly over ** thousand deaths.

An invisible killer among Brazilians

In Brazil, fine-particle outdoor pollution (PM2.5) – meaning particles with a diameter smaller than *** micrometers – typically accounts for more than ** percent of air pollution-related deaths due to air pollution. In its fine form, particulate matter has been credited as a leading cause of respiratory-related diseases, the third most prominent cause of death among Brazilians. Coal and waste burning, industrial activities, and heavy vehicular traffic are some of the main causes of ambient air pollution.

The burden of fuel burning

Although Brazil and Mexico have the highest death tolls due to air pollution in Latin America – a result not entirely unexpected give they have the largest populations in the region – they do not necessarily have the region's highest urban pollution levels. Instead, Chile had some of the most polluted cities in Latin America in 2023. These high levels have been mostly ascribed to a cultural tradition of wood-fired cooking. A similar situation can be found in Haiti. In 2023, the Caribbean country – which ranked fourth in deaths due to air pollution in Latin America, despite not even making it to the top ten in terms of population – has by far the largest share of population exposed to household air pollution from solid fuels in the region.