Export restrictions for critical minerals by country| ��ƽ��

Average number of export restrictions for critical minerals required for energy transition between 2019 and 2023, by selected countries

Characteristic	Copper	Diamonds	Gallium, Germanium, Indium, Niobium, Tantalum and Vanadium	Iron ore and steel	Lead	Molybdenum	Silver	Tin	Titanium	Others
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Sources

Release date

June 2025

More information

Region

Worldwide

Survey time period

2019 to 2023

Supplementary notes

The trade values were calculated by UNCTAD based on the UN Comtrade Database. The source defines critical minerals as minerals that support structural transformation, energy and digital transitions, or industrial upgrading. Minerals are considered critical based on their global importance and supply risks, and furthermore, by their importance for global trade and developing economies. UNCTAD mapped a list of 60 critical minerals that include 499 harmonized system (HS) codes, which can be found . The list was informed by different critical mineral lists from countries, regions, or institutions.

Citation formats

The countries with the highest number of export restrictions between 2019 and 2023 were the Those primarily targeted the exports of copper in the cases of the DRC, Mongolia, Zambia, and Argentina, as well as other high-tech critical minerals like gallium, germanium, tantalum, or indium (Burundi and Ethiopia).

The UN Trade and Investment Conference (UNCTAD) designates 60 different minerals as critical, based on their role in structural transformations, supply risks, and their importance for developing economies.