Nickel refining includes nickel that is processed into either a metal, oxide, nickel pig iron, ferronickel, or sulfate and excludes outputs from intermediate production steps.
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Supply of refined nickel worldwide 2024-2040, by region
In 2024, Indonesia was the leading supplier of refined nickel worldwide, with nearly kilotons. By 2040, it is anticipated that Indonesia and China will be the leading suppliers of refined nickel globally.
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IEA. (June 11, 2025). Nickel supply from refining worldwide in 2024, with a forecast for 2030 and 2040, by region (in kilotons) [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 28, 2026, from /statistics/1485013/refined-nickel-supply-forecast-2040-by-region/
IEA. "Nickel supply from refining worldwide in 2024, with a forecast for 2030 and 2040, by region (in kilotons)." Chart. June 11, 2025. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 28, 2026. /statistics/1485013/refined-nickel-supply-forecast-2040-by-region/
IEA. (2025). Nickel supply from refining worldwide in 2024, with a forecast for 2030 and 2040, by region (in kilotons). ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 28, 2026. /statistics/1485013/refined-nickel-supply-forecast-2040-by-region/
IEA. "Nickel Supply from Refining Worldwide in 2024, with a Forecast for 2030 and 2040, by Region (in Kilotons)." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 11 Jun 2025, /statistics/1485013/refined-nickel-supply-forecast-2040-by-region/
IEA, Nickel supply from refining worldwide in 2024, with a forecast for 2030 and 2040, by region (in kilotons) ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1485013/refined-nickel-supply-forecast-2040-by-region/ (last visited July 28, 2026)
Nickel supply from refining worldwide in 2024, with a forecast for 2030 and 2040, by region (in kilotons) [Graph], IEA, June 11, 2025. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1485013/refined-nickel-supply-forecast-2040-by-region/
