Key workers are defined as belonging to the following sectors: agriculture, forestry, and fishing; mining and quarrying; manufacturing; electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply; water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities; wholesale and retail trade, repair of motorcycles and motor vehicles; transportation and storage; information and communication; financial and insurance activities; professional, scientific, and technical activities; administrative and support service activities; public administration, defense, and compulsory social security; and human health and social work activities.
Low pay is defined by ILO as being less than two-thirds of the median hourly wage.
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Share of low-paid workers among key employees worldwide 2023, by country
The share of low-paid workers among key employees is mixed globally. While the top five nations are located in Sub-Saharan Africa, there is more regional variation after that. The share ranges from ** percent in Kenya to * percent in Portugal, while countries such as Ukraine, the United States, and Uruguay are in the median position. These variations reflect labor institutions in each country, as well as enforcement and compliance with minimum wage policies.
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ILO. (March 1, 2023). Share of low-paid workers among key employees worldwide in 2023, by country [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 20, 2026, from /statistics/1417111/low-paid-workers-key-employees/
ILO. "Share of low-paid workers among key employees worldwide in 2023, by country." Chart. March 1, 2023. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 20, 2026. /statistics/1417111/low-paid-workers-key-employees/
ILO. (2023). Share of low-paid workers among key employees worldwide in 2023, by country. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 20, 2026. /statistics/1417111/low-paid-workers-key-employees/
ILO. "Share of Low-paid Workers among Key Employees Worldwide in 2023, by Country." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 1 Mar 2023, /statistics/1417111/low-paid-workers-key-employees/
ILO, Share of low-paid workers among key employees worldwide in 2023, by country ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1417111/low-paid-workers-key-employees/ (last visited July 20, 2026)
Share of low-paid workers among key employees worldwide in 2023, by country [Graph], ILO, March 1, 2023. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1417111/low-paid-workers-key-employees/
