Employment status of key workers 2023| ��ƽ��

Employment status of key workers in 2023, by country income group

Characteristic	Employee	Self-employed
Average	50.9%	49.1%
Low income	12.7%	87.3%
Lower-middle income	35.9%	64.1%
Upper-middle income	61.1%	38.9%
High income	83.9%	16.1%

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Release date

March 2023

More information

Region

Worldwide

Survey time period

2023

Special properties

ILO Estimates

Supplementary notes

Key workers are defined as belonging to the following sectors: agriculture, forestry, and fishing; mining and quarrying; manufacturing; electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply; water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities; wholesale and retail trade, repair of motorcycles and motor vehicles; transportation and storage; information and communication; financial and insurance activities; professional, scientific, and technical activities; administrative and support service activities; public administration, defense, and compulsory social security; and human health and social work activities.

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On average, 50 percent of key workers have an employee status and 49 percent have a self-employed status. However, this divide differs greatly depending on the country income group. In low income and lower-middle income nations a majority of key workers belong to the self-employed category. In upper-middle income and high income nations, a majority of workers belong to the employee category. This divide can be explained by high rates of employment informality in low income and lower-middle income nations.