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Most recently, the national debt rose by percent under Joe Biden and by just over six percent in the first nine months of Donald Trump’s second term. Over the period observed, debt increased by an average of **** percent under Republican presidents, compared with **** percent under Democrats. For American presidents, adding to the debt comes with the job. How fast it grows reflects not just a president’s own spending and tax choices but also decisions taken by predecessors and Congresses.

Tax cuts, wars, and rising debt

President Ronald Reagan increased the federal debt by about **** trillion U.S. dollars, or * percent. That rise is often linked to “Reaganomics”: tax cuts, deregulation, and a tight monetary stance. Debt also rose under George W. Bush, as spending climbed with the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Rather than raise taxes or rely on war bonds, his administration chose to borrow. Tax cuts and the onset of the 2008 financial crisis added to the increase.��

Healthcare reform amid fiscal pressures

Barack Obama inherited two wars and a financial crisis. His administration continued to borrow to pay for the wars and, in parallel, passed costly measures to support the economy after the crash, along with the Affordable Care Act. The law expanded health coverage for millions, mainly through Medicaid and subsidized private insurance. Once contentious, it was viewed favorably by most Americans. Obama also signed legislation making the Bush-era tax cuts permanent.��