Increased symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety in persons who have been infected or are almost certain to have been infected with coronavirus (COVID-19) and in persons without such experience in Poland in 2020
Characteristic
Depression (scale 0-27)
GAD (scale 0-21)
Individuals who have been infected with COVID-19 and this is confirmed by testing*
9.86
7.5
Persons who suspect they have been infected with COVID-19**
10.78
8.08
Persons who have not been infected and are not infected***
7.5
5.84
People who do not know if they have been infected****
8.41
6.96
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Poles who suspected they had been infected with COVID-19 during the outbreak (but this was not confirmed by testing) manifested higher depressive symptoms and generalized anxiety than those without such experiences. In contrast, those who had undergone COVID-19 infection in 2020 (confirmed by testing) did not differ in the severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms from the other groups.
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WydziaÅ‚ Psychologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. (January 21, 2021). Increased symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety in persons who have been infected or are almost certain to have been infected with coronavirus (COVID-19) and in persons without such experience in Poland in 2020 [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 30, 2026, from /statistics/1200210/poland-depression-and-anxiety-in-infected-individuals/
WydziaÅ‚ Psychologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. "Increased symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety in persons who have been infected or are almost certain to have been infected with coronavirus (COVID-19) and in persons without such experience in Poland in 2020." Chart. January 21, 2021. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 30, 2026. /statistics/1200210/poland-depression-and-anxiety-in-infected-individuals/
WydziaÅ‚ Psychologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. (2021). Increased symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety in persons who have been infected or are almost certain to have been infected with coronavirus (COVID-19) and in persons without such experience in Poland in 2020. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 30, 2026. /statistics/1200210/poland-depression-and-anxiety-in-infected-individuals/
WydziaÅ‚ Psychologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. "Increased Symptoms of Depression and Generalized Anxiety in Persons Who Have Been Infected or Are Almost Certain to Have Been Infected with Coronavirus (Covid-19) and in Persons without Such Experience in Poland in 2020." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 21 Jan 2021, /statistics/1200210/poland-depression-and-anxiety-in-infected-individuals/
WydziaÅ‚ Psychologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Increased symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety in persons who have been infected or are almost certain to have been infected with coronavirus (COVID-19) and in persons without such experience in Poland in 2020 ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1200210/poland-depression-and-anxiety-in-infected-individuals/ (last visited July 30, 2026)
Increased symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety in persons who have been infected or are almost certain to have been infected with coronavirus (COVID-19) and in persons without such experience in Poland in 2020 [Graph], Wydział Psychologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, January 21, 2021. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1200210/poland-depression-and-anxiety-in-infected-individuals/
