In 2020, it was found that the number of countries using social media to spread computational propaganda and disinformation about politics was at an all-time high. In 48 countries, researchers found evidence of firms deploying computational propaganda on social media on behalf of a political actor such as a government or political party. Overall, the number of countries using social media to spread digital propaganda and misinformation about politics stood at 81.
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Oxford Internet Institute. (January 13, 2021). Number of countries with evidence of using private firms managing social media manipulation campaigns about politics from 2017 to 2020 [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆÆ½â°æ. Retrieved August 04, 2026, from /statistics/1198058/organized-social-media-manipulation-campaigns-private-firms-worldwide/
Oxford Internet Institute. "Number of countries with evidence of using private firms managing social media manipulation campaigns about politics from 2017 to 2020." Chart. January 13, 2021. ÌÇÐÄÆÆ½â°æ. Accessed August 04, 2026. /statistics/1198058/organized-social-media-manipulation-campaigns-private-firms-worldwide/
Oxford Internet Institute. (2021). Number of countries with evidence of using private firms managing social media manipulation campaigns about politics from 2017 to 2020. ÌÇÐÄÆÆ½â°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆÆ½â°æ Inc.. Accessed: August 04, 2026. /statistics/1198058/organized-social-media-manipulation-campaigns-private-firms-worldwide/
Oxford Internet Institute. "Number of Countries with Evidence of Using Private Firms Managing Social Media Manipulation Campaigns about Politics from 2017 to 2020." ÌÇÐÄÆÆ½â°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆÆ½â°æ Inc., 13 Jan 2021, /statistics/1198058/organized-social-media-manipulation-campaigns-private-firms-worldwide/
Oxford Internet Institute, Number of countries with evidence of using private firms managing social media manipulation campaigns about politics from 2017 to 2020 ÌÇÐÄÆÆ½â°æ, /statistics/1198058/organized-social-media-manipulation-campaigns-private-firms-worldwide/ (last visited August 04, 2026)
Number of countries with evidence of using private firms managing social media manipulation campaigns about politics from 2017 to 2020 [Graph], Oxford Internet Institute, January 13, 2021. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1198058/organized-social-media-manipulation-campaigns-private-firms-worldwide/