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According to the Brazilian census of 1872, approximately 26 percent of Brazil's non-white population was living in slavery, while 74 percent of the non-white population were legally free. Rio de Janeiro was the only region where there were more non-white people living in slavery than living in freedom.

Generally speaking, the northern and northeastern regions of Brazil had a smaller share of their non-white populations living in slavery than the southern and eastern regions at this time; this was likely due to the concentration of slave trading activities further from the equator in the second half of the 19^th century. The reason for this was the British Navy's anti-slave-trade patrols in the Atlantic between 1808 and 1867, following the British abolition of the slave trade in 1807; this saw Portuguese and Brazilian slave traders take southern routes to the Americas to avoid interception, ultimately resulting in increased traffic to Brazil's southeasterly ports.