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Indonesia is the world’s top producer and exporter of palm oil. In 2025, its oil palm production was estimated at around **** million metric tons.

Oil palm estates in Indonesia

Palm oil is one of Indonesia’s largest agricultural export commodities, and large swathes of land are cleared each year for palm oil plantations. Indonesian palm oil estates fall under three categories: large private plantations, smallholders, and state-owned. Most of the oil palm plantations were located in three areas: Riau, Kalimantan, and Sumatera. Unsurprisingly, these provinces account for most of the production of palm oil as well.

Effects of palm oil production

In recent years, the production of palm oil had come under increased global scrutiny and criticism, due to its detrimental effects on the environment. In Indonesia, many plantations practice slash-and-burn agriculture to quickly clear the land for new plantings. This has resulted in annual air pollution problems that spread to neighboring Singapore and Malaysia. Furthermore, Indonesia has lost much of its rainforest cover to oil palm monoculture, especially in Kalimantan and Sumatra. 

Some measures already exist to ensure sustainable and environmentally friendly production practices. In 2008, the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) introduced certain criteria that producers must comply with to produce Certified Sustainable Palm Oil (CSPO). However, as of 2021, Indonesia had produced just around ** million metric tons of certified sustainable palm oil.