In 2023, the shadow economy's value as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) was lower in high-income countries than in low-income countries. The shadow economy accounted for *** percent of GDP in high-income countries.
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EY. (March 5, 2025). Size of the untaxed shadow economy as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2023, by income level [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 31, 2026, from /statistics/1619972/shadow-economy-as-a-share-of-gdp-by-income/
EY. "Size of the untaxed shadow economy as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2023, by income level." Chart. March 5, 2025. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 31, 2026. /statistics/1619972/shadow-economy-as-a-share-of-gdp-by-income/
EY. (2025). Size of the untaxed shadow economy as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2023, by income level. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 31, 2026. /statistics/1619972/shadow-economy-as-a-share-of-gdp-by-income/
EY. "Size of The Untaxed Shadow Economy as a Share of Gross Domestic Product (Gdp) in 2023, by Income Level." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 5 Mar 2025, /statistics/1619972/shadow-economy-as-a-share-of-gdp-by-income/
EY, Size of the untaxed shadow economy as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2023, by income level ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1619972/shadow-economy-as-a-share-of-gdp-by-income/ (last visited July 31, 2026)
Size of the untaxed shadow economy as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2023, by income level [Graph], EY, March 5, 2025. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1619972/shadow-economy-as-a-share-of-gdp-by-income/
