In 2023, the untaxed shadow economy accounted for **** percent of the global gross domestic product (GDP). In the Middle East, Iraq's shadow economy was the largest of the region and was estimated to be worth about **** percent of its GDP, while Qatar's shadow economy represented ***Â percent of its GDP.
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EY. (March 5, 2025). Size of the untaxed shadow economy as a share of GDP in the Middle East in 2023, by country [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved August 03, 2026, from /statistics/1620036/middle-east-shadow-economy-as-a-share-of-gdp-by-country/
EY. "Size of the untaxed shadow economy as a share of GDP in the Middle East in 2023, by country." Chart. March 5, 2025. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed August 03, 2026. /statistics/1620036/middle-east-shadow-economy-as-a-share-of-gdp-by-country/
EY. (2025). Size of the untaxed shadow economy as a share of GDP in the Middle East in 2023, by country. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: August 03, 2026. /statistics/1620036/middle-east-shadow-economy-as-a-share-of-gdp-by-country/
EY. "Size of The Untaxed Shadow Economy as a Share of Gdp in The Middle East in 2023, by Country." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 5 Mar 2025, /statistics/1620036/middle-east-shadow-economy-as-a-share-of-gdp-by-country/
EY, Size of the untaxed shadow economy as a share of GDP in the Middle East in 2023, by country ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1620036/middle-east-shadow-economy-as-a-share-of-gdp-by-country/ (last visited August 03, 2026)
Size of the untaxed shadow economy as a share of GDP in the Middle East in 2023, by country [Graph], EY, March 5, 2025. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1620036/middle-east-shadow-economy-as-a-share-of-gdp-by-country/
