In 2023, the region comprising the United States and Canada had the lowest percentage of the shadow economy. Meanwhile, in Eastern Europe, the shadow economy accounted for around ** percent of GDP, and in Southern Africa, it accounted for ** percent.
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EY. (March 5, 2025). Size of the untaxed shadow economy as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2023, by region [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved August 01, 2026, from /statistics/1619892/shadow-economy-as-a-share-of-gdp-by-region/
EY. "Size of the untaxed shadow economy as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2023, by region." Chart. March 5, 2025. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed August 01, 2026. /statistics/1619892/shadow-economy-as-a-share-of-gdp-by-region/
EY. (2025). Size of the untaxed shadow economy as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2023, by region. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: August 01, 2026. /statistics/1619892/shadow-economy-as-a-share-of-gdp-by-region/
EY. "Size of The Untaxed Shadow Economy as a Share of Gross Domestic Product (Gdp) in 2023, by Region." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 5 Mar 2025, /statistics/1619892/shadow-economy-as-a-share-of-gdp-by-region/
EY, Size of the untaxed shadow economy as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2023, by region ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1619892/shadow-economy-as-a-share-of-gdp-by-region/ (last visited August 01, 2026)
Size of the untaxed shadow economy as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2023, by region [Graph], EY, March 5, 2025. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1619892/shadow-economy-as-a-share-of-gdp-by-region/
