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A majority of citizens in all European countries surveyed opposed increasing the fuel duty tax levied on drivers in order to combat climate change in 2023. Opposition was strongest in France, where ** percent of survey respondents were strongly opposed to this measure - opposition in France is likely the result of the experience which French people have with attempts by President Emmanuel Macron to levy such a tax on motorists in 2018, which led to a nationwide protest movement known as the Gilet Jaunes (yellow vests). 

Other European countries with particularly strong opposition to increasing fuel taxes include Sweden, where ** percent of respondents strongly opposed, and Italy, with ** percent of respondents strongly opposed. Denmark was the European country with the greatest level of support for the measure, with ** percent of respondents in favor, however, even in Denmark ** percent of respondents were at least somewhat opposed to the measure.