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Missing sales information in the years 2016 to 2020 are due to the fact that the companies concerned were not listed in the DAX in those years.

¹ First listed in DAX in 2021.

² 2015 and 2016 adjusted for Uniper.

³ 2016 and 2017 adjusted for Covestro.

⁴ Converted from U.S. dollars into euros; exchange rate from December 31, 2021.

⁵ Banks are exempt from sales tax in core areas of their business. The reason is that banks have no turnover in the lending and deposit business, but generate a margin that corresponds to the difference between debit and credit interest. However, this gross margin is neither sales nor profit. It serves to cover the risk costs (e.g. loan default) and the administrative costs (personnel and material costs) of the bank and is the source of its profit.

⁶ As a holding company, Porsche Automobil Holding SE does not have any operational business.

⁷ First listed in DAX in 2022.