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Based on a survey conducted among national, public, and private universities (including junior colleges), technical colleges, technology licensing organizations, incubation facilities, and prefectural authorities throughout Japan.

Definitions:
Research result-based startup:
Startup established based on the patents, new technologies and/or new business methods to be commercialized and developed at universities.

Joint research startup:
Startup based on joint research between universities and founders that aims to commercialize their skills or know-how within 5 years of the establishment. This includes those that had no special relationship with the university at the time of establishment.

Technology transfer startup:
Startup that underwent technology transfer from a university within five years of its establishment in order to maintain and develop an existing business. This includes those that had no special relationship with the university at the time of establishment.

Student-based startup:
Startup established by one or more students maintaining strong ties with universities. This applies only to those in which current students are or were involved.

Faculty-member startup: A faculty-member (e.g., faculty members, researchers, and postdoctoral fellows) startup that has a deep relationship with a university.

Relation startup:
Startup established based on strong ties with universities (e.g. investments by universities).