The production of energy transition minerals requires large amounts of water and can lead to pollution. Among selected energy transition minerals, lithium and rare earth elements require the largest volumes of water, using from **** to **** cubic meters of water per kilogram of produced metal.
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IEA. (May 5, 2021). Water use for the production of selected energy transition minerals (in cubic meters per kg) [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 31, 2026, from /statistics/1649685/water-use-for-the-production-of-selected-energy-transition-minerals/
IEA. "Water use for the production of selected energy transition minerals (in cubic meters per kg)." Chart. May 5, 2021. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 31, 2026. /statistics/1649685/water-use-for-the-production-of-selected-energy-transition-minerals/
IEA. (2021). Water use for the production of selected energy transition minerals (in cubic meters per kg). ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 31, 2026. /statistics/1649685/water-use-for-the-production-of-selected-energy-transition-minerals/
IEA. "Water Use for The Production of Selected Energy Transition Minerals (in Cubic Meters per Kg)." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 5 May 2021, /statistics/1649685/water-use-for-the-production-of-selected-energy-transition-minerals/
IEA, Water use for the production of selected energy transition minerals (in cubic meters per kg) ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1649685/water-use-for-the-production-of-selected-energy-transition-minerals/ (last visited July 31, 2026)
Water use for the production of selected energy transition minerals (in cubic meters per kg) [Graph], IEA, May 5, 2021. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1649685/water-use-for-the-production-of-selected-energy-transition-minerals/
