Union density is defined as the share of workers in the state who are represented by a union, including union members, and other workers who are covered by a union contract.
Union density calculated using averages from 2015 to 2019.
Wage data is as of 2019.
Low-union-density states are the 17 states with the lowest average union densities from 2015 to 2019 (all less than eight percent).
Medium-union-density states are the 17 states (including D.C.) in the middle of the union-density rankings (with union densities ranging from 8.3 to 13.3 percent).
High-union-density states are the 17 states with the highest average union densities (greater than or equal to 13.5 percent).
Citation formats
U.S. median household income 2021, by state union density
A 2021 analysis of state median household income and union density found that states with a high union density had a higher than average median household income at the state level. States with low union density had the lowest median household income. Union density by state for 2022 can be found here.
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Economic Policy Institute. (December 15, 2021). State level median household incomes in the United States in 2021, by union density of state (in U.S. dollars) [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 28, 2026, from /statistics/1375698/median-household-income-union-density-us/
Economic Policy Institute. "State level median household incomes in the United States in 2021, by union density of state (in U.S. dollars)." Chart. December 15, 2021. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 28, 2026. /statistics/1375698/median-household-income-union-density-us/
Economic Policy Institute. (2021). State level median household incomes in the United States in 2021, by union density of state (in U.S. dollars). ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 28, 2026. /statistics/1375698/median-household-income-union-density-us/
Economic Policy Institute. "State Level Median Household Incomes in The United States in 2021, by Union Density of State (in U.S. Dollars)." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 15 Dec 2021, /statistics/1375698/median-household-income-union-density-us/
Economic Policy Institute, State level median household incomes in the United States in 2021, by union density of state (in U.S. dollars) ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1375698/median-household-income-union-density-us/ (last visited July 28, 2026)
State level median household incomes in the United States in 2021, by union density of state (in U.S. dollars) [Graph], Economic Policy Institute, December 15, 2021. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1375698/median-household-income-union-density-us/
