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This statistic represents selected defeat device cases under Title II of the U.S. Clean Air Act as of January 2017, ranked by the civil penalty amount that was to be paid. In light of the Volkswagen diesel scandal, at least 584,000 diesel vehicles violated the Clean Air Act. In 2017, the company agreed to pay a **** billion U.S. dollar fine to settle claims filed on behalf of the EPA. This payment does not include costs from buyback of vehicles, mitigation costs or criminal charges, including at least the following payments: *** billion U.S. dollars to U.S. dealers, **** billion U.S. dollars to buy back 3-liter vehicles and compensate owners, ** to ** billion U.S. dollars to buy back 2-liter vehicles and compensate owners, *** billion U.S. dollars in investments into zero emissions vehicles, an additional *** million U.S. dollars in investments into zero emissions vehicles in California, *** billion U.S. dollars to settle investigations led by the U.S. Department of Justice and U.S. Customs and Border Protection, *** billion U.S. dollars to fund 2-liter mitigation projects and *** million U.S. dollars to fund 3-liter mitigation projects. The final bill will exceed the **** billion euros the company had set aside to resolve the issue. Bosch, the manufacturer of the devices, agreed to pay million U.S. dollars in the United States.