| Characteristic | Car ownership | Parking | Congestion | Parking pain | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
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Region
Worldwide
Survey time period
2017
Supplementary notes
According to the source, direct cost of driving includes parking and car ownership charges. Car ownership costs include the following:
Purchasing or leasing including finance costs, depreciation, service and maintenance (including tires), insurance, fuel, toll fees and parking fees, taxes
The indirect cost of driving includes the following:
Value, time, fuel of carbon emissions from congestion, value, time, fuel of carbon emissions from driving around in search for a parking spot, overpaying for parking, parking fines
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