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The natural growth rate in Bologna between 2010 and 2022 has been negative every year. Hence, the number of deaths over 1,000 inhabitants consistently exceeded the number of newborns, with the worst data recorded in 2020 during the COVID-19 outbreak. In the following years, the rate could not reach the pre-pandemic levels, settling with a reduction of five per 1,000 inhabitants. This index remained negative even though in the same time frame, the city's population grew by 9,000 residents. Hence, over the last decade, Bologna became more attractive and new citizens decided to move to the municipality, compensating the decline of the natural increase rate of the residents already living there.