Conor Stewart
Research expert covering health & pharmaceuticals in the UK & Europe
Get in touch with us now| Characteristic | Pre-pandemic (2019 or nearest year) | Pandemic (March 2020 to August 2021) |
|---|---|---|
| - | - | - |
| - | - | - |
| - | - | - |
| - | - | - |
| - | - | - |
| - | - | - |
| - | - | - |
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Source
Sources
Release date
December 2022
More information
Region
Belgium, Europe, Denmark, Estonia, France, Iceland, Norway, Sweden
Survey time period
2019 to August 2021
Age group
18-29 years*
Special properties
Pre-pademic (2019 or nearest); Pandemic (April 2020 to August 2021)
Method of interview
Online survey
Supplementary notes
*The share of "young people" refers to individuals aged 18-29 in most countries, with France using data for those aged 18-24. Pre-pandemic figures involve individuals aged 15-24 across all countries except Belgium, which considers those aged 18-29.
Prevalence estimates during the pandemic are pooled averages from national surveys up to 12 August 2021. Limited cross-country comparability arises due to variations in survey numbers and timings. Depression symptoms are assessed through PHQ-8 or PHQ-9, except in France and Estonia, where HADS-D is used, yielding lower estimates. Different scoring methods for pre-pandemic and pandemic data may potentially underestimate symptom increases.Â
The PHQ-9 is a questionnaire with nine questions that inquire about the frequency of various negative symptoms experienced by respondents over the previous two weeks. PHQ-8 is the same but without questions concerning suicidal thoughts.
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) consists of 14 questions, with the initial seven addressing anxiety (HADSA) and the subsequent seven targeting depression (HADS-D).
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