* Exposure to PM2.5 concentrations above the 2021 WHO AQ guideline level of 5 µg/m³.
** Exposure to NO₂ concentrations above the 2021 WHO AQ guideline level of 10 µg/m³.
*** Acute exposure to O₃.
Attributable deaths are deaths statistically attributable to exposure to a risk factor, e.g. air pollution. The attribution is based on the evidence from studies for the causal link between a risk factor and a health outcome leading to death. Attributable deaths are considered preventable if their cause can be eliminated.
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Premature deaths related to air pollution in North Macedonia 2021, by pollutant
There were approximately premature deaths in North Macedonia attributable to exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations above the WHO AQ guideline in 2021. PM2.5 can lead to many health issues, such as lung cancer, asthma, and strokes. Skopje – North Macedonia's capital – was the second most polluted capital city in Europe in 2022.
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EEA. (November 24, 2023). Number of premature deaths attributable to short-term exposure to air pollution in North Macedonia in 2021, by pollutant [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 29, 2026, from /statistics/1428100/air-pollution-deaths-by-pollutant-north-macedonia/
EEA. "Number of premature deaths attributable to short-term exposure to air pollution in North Macedonia in 2021, by pollutant." Chart. November 24, 2023. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 29, 2026. /statistics/1428100/air-pollution-deaths-by-pollutant-north-macedonia/
EEA. (2023). Number of premature deaths attributable to short-term exposure to air pollution in North Macedonia in 2021, by pollutant. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 29, 2026. /statistics/1428100/air-pollution-deaths-by-pollutant-north-macedonia/
EEA. "Number of Premature Deaths Attributable to Short-term Exposure to Air Pollution in North Macedonia in 2021, by Pollutant." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 24 Nov 2023, /statistics/1428100/air-pollution-deaths-by-pollutant-north-macedonia/
EEA, Number of premature deaths attributable to short-term exposure to air pollution in North Macedonia in 2021, by pollutant ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1428100/air-pollution-deaths-by-pollutant-north-macedonia/ (last visited July 29, 2026)
Number of premature deaths attributable to short-term exposure to air pollution in North Macedonia in 2021, by pollutant [Graph], EEA, November 24, 2023. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1428100/air-pollution-deaths-by-pollutant-north-macedonia/
