Cumulative real revenue from selected energy transition metals worldwide from 1999 to 2018, with a forecast for 2021 to 2040, by scenario
(in billion U.S. dollars)
Characteristic
Historical (1999 to 2018)
Stated Policies Scenario* (2021 to 2040)
Net Zero Scenario* (2021 to 2040)
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For the forecast between 2021 to 2040, certain price assumptions were made as stated below:
A barrel of oil costs 30 U.S. dollars
A British thermal unit for natural gas costs 1.50 million U.S. dollars
A metric ton of coal costs 40 U.S. dollars.
Citation formats
Global cumulative revenue from energy transition metals 1999-2040, by scenario
From 1999 to 2018, the cumulative real revenue of global copper production amounted to some **** trillion U.S. dollars. In the stated policies scenario, the cumulative real revenue of copper, an energy transition relevant metal, is forecast to reach **** trillion U.S. dollars globally between 2021 and 2040. In the Net Zero scenario, copper's real revenue during the same timeframe is forecast to reach **** trillion U.S. dollars.
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IMF. (October 6, 2021). Cumulative real revenue from selected energy transition metals worldwide from 1999 to 2018, with a forecast for 2021 to 2040, by scenario (in billion U.S. dollars) [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 28, 2026, from /statistics/1318501/global-cumulative-revenue-energy-transition-metals/
IMF. "Cumulative real revenue from selected energy transition metals worldwide from 1999 to 2018, with a forecast for 2021 to 2040, by scenario (in billion U.S. dollars)." Chart. October 6, 2021. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 28, 2026. /statistics/1318501/global-cumulative-revenue-energy-transition-metals/
IMF. (2021). Cumulative real revenue from selected energy transition metals worldwide from 1999 to 2018, with a forecast for 2021 to 2040, by scenario (in billion U.S. dollars). ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 28, 2026. /statistics/1318501/global-cumulative-revenue-energy-transition-metals/
IMF. "Cumulative Real Revenue from Selected Energy Transition Metals Worldwide from 1999 to 2018, with a Forecast for 2021 to 2040, by Scenario (in Billion U.S. Dollars)." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 6 Oct 2021, /statistics/1318501/global-cumulative-revenue-energy-transition-metals/
IMF, Cumulative real revenue from selected energy transition metals worldwide from 1999 to 2018, with a forecast for 2021 to 2040, by scenario (in billion U.S. dollars) ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1318501/global-cumulative-revenue-energy-transition-metals/ (last visited July 28, 2026)
Cumulative real revenue from selected energy transition metals worldwide from 1999 to 2018, with a forecast for 2021 to 2040, by scenario (in billion U.S. dollars) [Graph], IMF, October 6, 2021. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1318501/global-cumulative-revenue-energy-transition-metals/
