According to the source, direct impact refers to direct lost output, while indirect impact refers to impact from downtime days.
The model takes into consideration retail and office buildings facing flood risk in the respective year.
Citation formats
Economic costs due to flood in commercial buildings in the U.S. 2022-2052
The economic damage associated with commercial buildings facing flood risk in the United States is expected to grow from **** billion U.S. dollars in 2022 to an estimated **** billion dollars by 2052. Direct economic loss represents roughly ** percent of economic damage in both years.
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First Street Foundation. (December 13, 2021). Economic damage due to flood in commercial buildings in the United States in 2022 and 2052 (in billion U.S. dollars) [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 31, 2026, from /statistics/1292227/economic-damage-due-to-flood-in-buildings-us/
First Street Foundation. "Economic damage due to flood in commercial buildings in the United States in 2022 and 2052 (in billion U.S. dollars)." Chart. December 13, 2021. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 31, 2026. /statistics/1292227/economic-damage-due-to-flood-in-buildings-us/
First Street Foundation. (2021). Economic damage due to flood in commercial buildings in the United States in 2022 and 2052 (in billion U.S. dollars). ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 31, 2026. /statistics/1292227/economic-damage-due-to-flood-in-buildings-us/
First Street Foundation. "Economic Damage Due to Flood in Commercial Buildings in The United States in 2022 and 2052 (in Billion U.S. Dollars)." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 13 Dec 2021, /statistics/1292227/economic-damage-due-to-flood-in-buildings-us/
First Street Foundation, Economic damage due to flood in commercial buildings in the United States in 2022 and 2052 (in billion U.S. dollars) ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1292227/economic-damage-due-to-flood-in-buildings-us/ (last visited July 31, 2026)
Economic damage due to flood in commercial buildings in the United States in 2022 and 2052 (in billion U.S. dollars) [Graph], First Street Foundation, December 13, 2021. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1292227/economic-damage-due-to-flood-in-buildings-us/
