Original question: In the past 12 months have you ever seen hateful or degrading messages or comments online, against people or certain groups of people
According to the source: "Cyberhate exposure, when people see or hear hateful content online but do not have to be targeted or feel targeted by it."
As of 2019, children in selected countries in Europe who use the internet experienced varying degrees of exposure to online hate. Overall, 61 percent of female respondents in Czechia reported that they had seen hateful or degrading messages against people or certain groups of people online, in comparison to only 57 percent of male respondents in Czechia. In Poland, 48 percent of boys and 46 percent of girls stated that they had been exposed to cyberhate. In France, 22 percent of male respondents and 20 percent of female respondents said that they had witnessed online behavior of this kind.
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EU Kids Online. (June 24, 2020). Share of children who have been exposed to cyberhate in selected countries in Europe as of April 2019, by gender [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 28, 2026, from /statistics/1282166/european-childrens-exposure-cyberhate-by-gender/
EU Kids Online. "Share of children who have been exposed to cyberhate in selected countries in Europe as of April 2019, by gender." Chart. June 24, 2020. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 28, 2026. /statistics/1282166/european-childrens-exposure-cyberhate-by-gender/
EU Kids Online. (2020). Share of children who have been exposed to cyberhate in selected countries in Europe as of April 2019, by gender. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 28, 2026. /statistics/1282166/european-childrens-exposure-cyberhate-by-gender/
EU Kids Online. "Share of Children Who Have Been Exposed to Cyberhate in Selected Countries in Europe as of April 2019, by Gender." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 24 Jun 2020, /statistics/1282166/european-childrens-exposure-cyberhate-by-gender/
EU Kids Online, Share of children who have been exposed to cyberhate in selected countries in Europe as of April 2019, by gender ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1282166/european-childrens-exposure-cyberhate-by-gender/ (last visited July 28, 2026)
Share of children who have been exposed to cyberhate in selected countries in Europe as of April 2019, by gender [Graph], EU Kids Online, June 24, 2020. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1282166/european-childrens-exposure-cyberhate-by-gender/
