The source specified that "The Russian Federation was not included in the analysis as a brief summary of the country’s pharmaceutical policy framework cannot be presented owing to the regionalization and fragmentation of the Russian health care system."
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OOP payments to health spending in Eastern Europe & Central Asia 2018, by country
In Armenia, the share of medical care expenses that are not reimbursed by insurance (out-of-pocket payments) in the total health spending exceeded ** percent, as of 2018. To compare, in Kazakhstan and Belarus, the OOP payments' portion was measured at ** percent.
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WHO. (September 2, 2020). Share of out-of-pocket (OOP) payments in health expenditure in Eastern Europe and Central Asia in 2018*, by selected country [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved August 04, 2026, from /statistics/1169575/oop-payments-in-health-spending-eastern-europe-and-central-asia-by-country/
WHO. "Share of out-of-pocket (OOP) payments in health expenditure in Eastern Europe and Central Asia in 2018*, by selected country." Chart. September 2, 2020. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed August 04, 2026. /statistics/1169575/oop-payments-in-health-spending-eastern-europe-and-central-asia-by-country/
WHO. (2020). Share of out-of-pocket (OOP) payments in health expenditure in Eastern Europe and Central Asia in 2018*, by selected country. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: August 04, 2026. /statistics/1169575/oop-payments-in-health-spending-eastern-europe-and-central-asia-by-country/
WHO. "Share of Out-of-pocket (Oop) Payments in Health Expenditure in Eastern Europe and Central Asia in 2018*, by Selected Country." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 2 Sep 2020, /statistics/1169575/oop-payments-in-health-spending-eastern-europe-and-central-asia-by-country/
WHO, Share of out-of-pocket (OOP) payments in health expenditure in Eastern Europe and Central Asia in 2018*, by selected country ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1169575/oop-payments-in-health-spending-eastern-europe-and-central-asia-by-country/ (last visited August 04, 2026)
Share of out-of-pocket (OOP) payments in health expenditure in Eastern Europe and Central Asia in 2018*, by selected country [Graph], WHO, September 2, 2020. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1169575/oop-payments-in-health-spending-eastern-europe-and-central-asia-by-country/
