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Portugal, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Hungary are among the countries where house prices grew the most in comparison to income since 2015. In the second quarter of 2025, the house price to income ratio in the Netherlands exceeded *** index points, indicating that since 2015, house price growth has outpaced income growth by ** percent. In Portugal, the index amounted to *** index points in the same period. This was not the case in all countries in the ranking: in Finland, Romania, and Italy the opposite trend was observed, showing that incomes grew faster than house prices. 
The house price to income ratio is calculated as the nominal house prices divided by nominal income per capita, with 2015 chosen as the base year of the index. The ratio signifies the development of housing affordability, with higher figures meaning housing is more unaffordable. There are other indices, such as RHPI (or house price indices corrected by inflation rates) which look at this as well.