As of 2019, software malfunction accounted for over half of the test errors happened in the closed test sites for automated vehicles in Beijing, China. On average, software and hardware failures occurred every 3,929 kilometers driven per autonomous vehicle.
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Beijing Innovation Center for Mobility Intelligent. (March 2, 2020). Distribution of hardware or software malfunction for self-driving testing vehicle in the Beijing closed test site for automated vehicles China in 2019 [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆÆ½â°æ. Retrieved July 21, 2026, from /statistics/1120573/china-autonomous-driving-vehicles-testing-errors-in-beijing-by-source/
Beijing Innovation Center for Mobility Intelligent. "Distribution of hardware or software malfunction for self-driving testing vehicle in the Beijing closed test site for automated vehicles China in 2019." Chart. March 2, 2020. ÌÇÐÄÆÆ½â°æ. Accessed July 21, 2026. /statistics/1120573/china-autonomous-driving-vehicles-testing-errors-in-beijing-by-source/
Beijing Innovation Center for Mobility Intelligent. (2020). Distribution of hardware or software malfunction for self-driving testing vehicle in the Beijing closed test site for automated vehicles China in 2019. ÌÇÐÄÆÆ½â°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆÆ½â°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 21, 2026. /statistics/1120573/china-autonomous-driving-vehicles-testing-errors-in-beijing-by-source/
Beijing Innovation Center for Mobility Intelligent. "Distribution of Hardware or Software Malfunction for Self-driving Testing Vehicle in The Beijing Closed Test Site for Automated Vehicles China in 2019." ÌÇÐÄÆÆ½â°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆÆ½â°æ Inc., 2 Mar 2020, /statistics/1120573/china-autonomous-driving-vehicles-testing-errors-in-beijing-by-source/
Beijing Innovation Center for Mobility Intelligent, Distribution of hardware or software malfunction for self-driving testing vehicle in the Beijing closed test site for automated vehicles China in 2019 ÌÇÐÄÆÆ½â°æ, /statistics/1120573/china-autonomous-driving-vehicles-testing-errors-in-beijing-by-source/ (last visited July 21, 2026)
Distribution of hardware or software malfunction for self-driving testing vehicle in the Beijing closed test site for automated vehicles China in 2019 [Graph], Beijing Innovation Center for Mobility Intelligent, March 2, 2020. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1120573/china-autonomous-driving-vehicles-testing-errors-in-beijing-by-source/