The source adds the following information:
"There is theoretically no minimum or maximum score in PISA; rather, the results are scaled to fit approximately normal distributions, with means around 500 score points and standard deviations around 100 score points. In statistical terms, a one-point difference on the PISA scale therefore corresponds to an effect size (Cohen’s d) of 0.01; and a 10-point difference to an effect size of 0.10." (PISA 2018 Results -Volume I).
Citation formats
Score gap in reading performance for social and migration status in Italy 2018
In 2018, non-immigrants students in Italy obtained 22 points more than immigrants students in the PISA studies. The average gap of all OECD countries between immigrant and non-immigrant students in reading skills equaled to 24 points.
The OECD’s Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) analyzes the skills of 15-year-olds' students in reading, mathematics, and science in over 80 countries. The studies also take into account social and gender equalities in the education system of the different countries.
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OECD. (December 3, 2019). Score gap related to personal characteristics in reading performance of Italian school students in the PISA studies in 2018 [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 29, 2026, from /statistics/1080137/score-gap-in-reading-performance-for-social-and-migration-status-in-italy/
OECD. "Score gap related to personal characteristics in reading performance of Italian school students in the PISA studies in 2018." Chart. December 3, 2019. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 29, 2026. /statistics/1080137/score-gap-in-reading-performance-for-social-and-migration-status-in-italy/
OECD. (2019). Score gap related to personal characteristics in reading performance of Italian school students in the PISA studies in 2018. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 29, 2026. /statistics/1080137/score-gap-in-reading-performance-for-social-and-migration-status-in-italy/
OECD. "Score Gap Related to Personal Characteristics in Reading Performance of Italian School Students in The Pisa Studies in 2018." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 3 Dec 2019, /statistics/1080137/score-gap-in-reading-performance-for-social-and-migration-status-in-italy/
OECD, Score gap related to personal characteristics in reading performance of Italian school students in the PISA studies in 2018 ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1080137/score-gap-in-reading-performance-for-social-and-migration-status-in-italy/ (last visited July 29, 2026)
Score gap related to personal characteristics in reading performance of Italian school students in the PISA studies in 2018 [Graph], OECD, December 3, 2019. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1080137/score-gap-in-reading-performance-for-social-and-migration-status-in-italy/
